i was off to testifying against the global giant and an ongoing level k. c. a. he died of a self inflicted gunshot wound that was friends claim he had wound them earlier, he would never kill himself. during his testimony, the engineer claimed he had been threatened by management. he came back to my desk and he is like i said, you know, he made the trip and then after that is, are you in or are you out and what that means? are you going to just shut up, right, and do you want to be in? you need to be quiet. you need to stop this, you know, don't, don't say anything more, certainly don't tell the public. that's how i interpreted the french emulation expert and from a pilot sample to alaska. he says, the boeing's reputation is facing such a bass ring right now. the question is, will it be able to recover very far as the consequences are for building global image on the civilian part? yes, it's going to be very the modul because the process uh to stop this

requires the grounding of many craft which would cost the huge amount of money, not only to boeing, but for the van lines that are using those out for us. but the problem is that we never took those problems very seriously. and normally this should have stopped everything and say, okay, we have that problem. know what are we doing with this? and how can we handle this? instead of this, the, the find we have some numbers to match at the end of the month. we have some money to over to, to, to come in to learn. and then we'll deal with this after and after sometimes it's late. and now the process is so huge, but i don't really see how blane can handle this. so yeah, a lot of people are talking about boeing these days. and our couple of their engineers winding up did certainly spinks, and raises a lot of questions. this is on the international we'll talk soon with the

metro's and subway off our budget. friendly, efficient in eco friendly transportation options for urban dwellers. but while the cost to rises, pay affordable, the investment required to build and to maintain a system is substantial. i'm christy. i in today we're going to be talking about the heart of our urban infrastructure, the cost of metro systems. the metro systems are the lifeline of our cities. society depends on facility and people to get around. cities and subways can significantly improve people's average commute times. people can also spend much less on community owning and maintaining

a vehicle cost an average of $9282.00 a year, which is significantly higher than paying for a simple transit pass. but the cost of building a subway system is astronomical. it can vary significantly depending on various factors, such as the city, the length of the system, the complexity of the route, the number of stations, the type of technology use, and the local labor materials cost. on average, the cost of building a new subway line can range from a $100000000.00 to several $1000000000.00 per mile. these costs typically include not only the construction of tunnels and the stations, but also the expenses related to land acquisitions, engineering, design, equipment, and other associated costs. additionally, the costs can increase due to unforeseen challenges, such as encounter unexpected geological conditions. during tunnel, you have transit projects in paris and madrid, for example,

that costs around $160000000.00 and $320000000.00 per mile to build. but in contrast, the los angeles purple line clocked in at $800000000.00 per mile. and san francisco is costs around $920000000.00 per mile. even new york antiquated line cost $2600000000.00 per mile for the 2nd avenue line, and $3500000000.00 per mile for the east line. now study found that the us spent an average of 50 percent more on a per mile basis for tunnel transit systems than any other pure country. one big reason has to do with the failure to invest in transit infrastructure overtime. but another part is the red tape. there will be environmental reviews, land acquisitions, permitting processes and utility relocations. all of these processes and delays can balloon the overall cost of a project. americans also have a very divided political structure where every jurisdiction is at odds with one

another, with varying agendas and priorities. but more important than that, the us lacks population density enough to justify the huge expense upfront. outside of new york, los, do a cities have extremely poor public transportation. it is used almost exclusively by the lower income class. a while new york has the biggest metro system. they're not very extensive outside of n y c. around 45 percent of americans have absolutely no access to public transit as much of the existing system as aging. and the transportation agencies lack sufficient funds to keep their existing systems in good working order. and on time, this leads to a ridership decline as a system becomes increasingly unreliable. and now today we're joined by dr. allen, m browse sky, professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program. so professor, what are the key components that contributed to the overall cost of constructing

and metro system and how, how these costs evolved over time? ok, the, let's talk about the t cost elements of the metro system. so, 1st of all, you have the track. and depending on whether it's a heavy rail or a lightly on the system, will have some major impacts on the costs and structures. heavy rail metro system will include underground tunnel some what we call subway, which can include fluid element structure, which would be the overhead structures and it include x ray, which is why the, on the ground. all my real trends is, are on or mostly as great. so the, you know, certainly was a really major elements of the cost of a, of a metro system which is the construction of the track structure. and when i say the

track structure, all the infrastructure stations of how power signaling. and again, if it's a, if it's a heavy, real natural, we're talking about surgery, all power and all the electrical substations need required for that power. if it's a light rail system, it's probably over and attack mary. and again, the electric substations necessary for that the actual signaling systems of the another major course elements of course, is the rolling stock. uh, the actual cars that one on the, on the natural system. most metro systems when you're building a new metro system, you're talking about maintenance facilities on which is basically for the cars will be basically my job was the set of the largest source that's stored your metro system and also have some great

facilities and ships facilities. so those will be some major costs that have the going up in price to medically absolutely, the cost of construction is going up quite significant number of decades. and how do factors such as geography, urban density and existing infrastructure impact the construction costs of a metro system in particular cities, most of those items make it more expense or so for example, if you're going to downtown in a major city and you're telling me that you have all sorts of things to avoid and take care of the construction of the building. foundation utilities. you have sewage systems,

you have to put your system low enough that they can succeed in the construction process where the training operating vibrations do not affect the buildings involved or other facilities involved with nearby. um, you mentioned the jason uh, jason infrastructure of this adjacent railway infrastructure. one of the problems that it always was that you can run into is if you have an active, a real system, for example, an active computer system or inactive metro system. next that you and you want to keep operating that could have a serious impact on your construction. the density of the location, again, is a major factor, but that also enters into the type of uh, transit system. generally you'll be building light rail transit systems, which are you, which are usually cheaper, significantly cheaper. you'll, you'll be looking down in less dense locations and very high density locations such

as major cities. uh, you may be going on, you probably going underground or elevators with, with the city, you know, with the cab. the fact is over the x ray switch you out and whirl locations where you're building your community. wines for the back end to the outside in the transit system, generally control construction force less because you have less infrastructure that's already in place in the morning is the structure. you have to work around the way and are there unique challenges or advantages that cities with different geographical and urban characteristics, phase one, building metro systems. so you, you, you have number one, you have to use the structure density to, to new york city is probably one of the most densest pieces of real estate or ma'am and, and the density you, when you, when you, when you have very tall buildings,

for example, sort of multi, you know, you skyscrapers usually have very deep foundations. and if you're building a subway to go underneath those foundations, you know, have to go deep. um, the type of supply with even more, you know, kind of foundations, you, you have you wrapped rock clay suits, do you have problems with water, water seepage, water access building via or add a new or a large body of water? you have to be careful that you don't have issues before agency or in your construction process. so you, you have the purpose is the structure parameters which includes density and type of buildings, including height, depth, foundations, density of the buildings, the existing infrastructure, building new york,

subway system. you have to go more, you have to go before the existence of the system. then you have geographic and environmental, and geological type of 4 parameters which also affect the types of construction you're gonna be building. you'll be constructing very differently if you've, if you, if you're building rock as opposed to, you know, things to clay more or some much softer, separated may be more susceptible to water or water fix, which would reduce the very city of the age of the g. g. o g d logical structure. and now what role does public financing play into metro construction and how do series navigate the balance between public funding and private investments? well, again, if you, if you're dealing with metro systems, uh, they're almost all primarily funded by the,

by one or more government agencies. depending on the structure, usually you'll have local, regional, state and federal contributing. so if you don't have you have you had the, again, new york city of new york city, you have the metropolitan transportation authority. you have new york state and you have some federal input as well. oh, there is something called public private partnerships. we call them p p piece, but they, we, they tend to be environment where there is some benefits that can be achieved through the, in certain entities. so for example, if you're doing a station development as a station, has the potential of having a lot of commercial really commercial space so that you have a lot of shops that can be rented out, generate significant income that might be,

that might be a good object to the company, private partnership where you use some money from the public, but then you can get some private partners who would be willing to put some capital investments in their own. and in return for some, some stake and future revenue streams. they come down usually don't see that so much on in, in the subways of the light rails themselves. but again, you do see you start to see them and some of the internal that you mentioned miami . so you're probably very familiar with right. why. right line is in fact a private entity is how this money public private partnerships as active is going on. so there, this is a case where there was a more much more active private car. in that case, it was

a 5 the leader of that project. but in terms of public transport themselves, metro systems, i'm not aware of any private, you know, and metro systems in the us on any significant scale that may be very tiny ones. but on any significant scale that they're all primarily ultimately a funded public reconstruction ones. and operated and maintain of the flux. thank you so much dr. as a bowsky, but please stick around. the professor allens around sky will stay with us right here after the break. and when we come back, what countries have the best metro system? stay tuned for all the details, the

the while it's hard to say for sure, which country has the best metro system, the sol subway and south korea is certainly going to be at the top of the list in terms of price for the ticket accessibility. cleanliness round the clock, service ventilation, why fi, connectivity capacity and even safety? this is followed by the shea. hi metro in china, the tokyo metro and japan, mexico city, metro and the london underground. the lowest score lines where the parents metro, the beijing subway and the mosque out metro. while beijing who scored on the lower end of the scale, it tops the list that carrying over $38000000000.00 passengers each year. and for caring so many passengers, it is surprisingly clean. this is due to his regular maintenance and very strict

regulations where there is no eating or drinking on board. the trains with strict penalties for littering. the new york subway is arguably the world's most challenging mass transit systems with the greatest number of stations business. because unlike other underground systems in the world, which often considers as fedex, as part of their design, the new york subway was always built with efficiency in mind. and absolutely no urban planning. at the beginning of 19 o, 4 through the 1933 separate subway companies competed with each other for land and building rights. so they had no interest in making it easy to use for their competitors. in many places, lines crossed over each other without connecting or pass within a block without doing so, make it extremely complicated and nonsensical for someone trying to decipher the system. less than 20 years ago, only 3 cities and china had some boys. today, there are more than 16 metro lines and 25 cities making the metro,

accessible to almost 300000000 people. the speed and scale of development of china is rail system is unprecedented. it grew or in part to ease overcrowding, but also the symbol of being a modern and international city. building new lines is a handy way to boost the local g d p. because for every 100000000 r and be invested into a metro project, the city is g. d. p rises by 263000000 r and b and creates 8000 jobs. even cell construction is not cheap. while the hong call m t r. a corporation runs the most valuable metro railway in the world in 2017, and bang to $2200000000.00 in profit. it did this by carrying $6000000.00 computers on average per week day and has maintained consistent service at 99.9 percent reliability since $22008.00. a. m r t spare has grown by

8500000000 h k over 10 years. as passenger numbers has increased, it also has private public partnerships where the m r t core builds commercial and residential properties of both new stations to fund the railway expansion. does its revenue stands from fairs, advertising, and property development. so for this and more or less bringing again, professor and director of the railroad engineering safety program, dr. allen's of brodsky. so now professor, are there specific examples of cities adopting novel construction methods to optimize costs and timelines? i think we've seen some of these going on in europe. i think, you know, the ones that on the ground just recently completed the, the elizabeth line, which was, which is one of the major the, one of the largest metro projects and a major city that we run into a while. and i know they introduced a whole bunch of innovative construction techniques that,

that they failed to reduce the cost. the cost was no multi $1000000000.00. but let me help you. you do, you do see different construction core technologies i've, i've seen for example, in light rail construction use a user of the continuous forming machines where the they, they almost test and place a part of each of the tracks structure as they, as they move along and it continues as point at some point of view and my understanding is that type of technique has, uh, has, has reviews of construction costs on the more traditional just digging build type of construction. so yes we, we, we do, we tacitly see novel type leaks the to those. um, and uh,

a lot of them tend to be more in the uh, how do we improve workforce, how do we optimize the process? um, but a lot of them can be more significant. i know another another thing we see in some ways, particularly as a large scale use of tunnel born sheets, which i have to say is by now has become whole the technology of as a new technology. but the p b, m 's or another child construction type, you see the use of therapy and be on construction. how does cities manage the operational costs of running a metro system and what strategies are employed to generate revenue? so when you're talking about what is the operating costs, the salaries of the people, the drivers of the, of the trains, the people who plays the sweets as far as the claim, the people who maintain the cars in the shop. these are usually generally considered maintenance costs. the problem is, is,

i don't know anybody in the united states any metro's, assuming that states that pays a 100 percent of the maintenance costs as a paradox. and you know, the primary revenue for a metro system is a, as a, as the po box. now you can be creative, you can do advertising. um, you know, we talked a little bit about commercialization stations. you know, if you go to new york city and you go down to penn station around central station hesitation is full of shops, you know, back to back to back shops and those around. so. so those, those supplements the, the, the operating costs, those can be used to offset the average cost. but like i said, i'm not aware of any us metro system that, that makes enough money for their box. and this will really income to pay a 100 percent of the operating costs. i understand hong kong dollars. and there may be one or 2 internationally, but internationally this, or is the same. so unfortunately, or fortunately,

whatever you want to say it's metro's or not self. this thing, and they require the hand of the government, and that's not just the us, that's most parts of the well, you go to europe, you see the same. you have the same situation. and that's sort of the nature of the beast, and you're in a catch $22.00. if you try, keep raising there's upstairs and stairs. at some point you drive away your customers, you know, you make it more expensive to take. so, you know, so you maybe you can decide and then the opinion charge everybody $10.00 a trip, i can pay my maintenance costs except for the fact that you are ridership and how the foot now ends. and so you still lose. so a lot of a lot of the philosophy here is this is, this is so i, you know, cost we need, you know, you have a major seat, you can bring cars and, you know, i grew up in new york city. i lived through a couple of new york city transits,

right. where people try to drive into the city. uh, you know, there was no metro. let's say you can't do that. new york city is run 6000000 people a day. you know, there's no way you can you, you can use it run that's and you shut it down. so there's a societal benefit. and, and so you and, and what, what are we dealing with real, real passenger transportation and all this aspects, high speed rail, interest, city rail, communal rail, transit systems, we always dealing with that societal aspect because these are by nature, not money making operations. they're almost always money losing operations and so, but they have a benefit to society. the city would shut down, the city would not be the city. you know, miami would not be the same. if you shut down that road map, new york city will absolutely not be to say you shut down the, this is the transit authority. and so we accept that. and we understand that

there's gotta be across the society to pay for that. next thing, of course, that doesn't mean that we don't try to optimize revenue, you and it doesn't try something, you know, we don't try to minimize operating costs. but of course the safety issues that are is always gonna be just using it. so there's only so much you can cut, you know, without endangering either service or safety. so, so you, you run into a limit, you know, we ran into this problem with the pin that it ends up in the panoramic people stop . 5 so it's because of the concern and all of a sudden the, the, the operating revenue was on every major transit system as, as a deficit's us, that'd be maybe 10 or 20 percent because 30 or 40 percent of that. and, and the, as, in many cases, they shut down service dramatically. you know, i'm on washington, they shut down several lines. and the ends and it's n as a and as a bad spiral effect, you know that you do that. no, fortunately,

we've recovered for the panoramic or something, but i would never gonna be back to a 100 percent because the nature of the, the nature of the trends of these are, you know, for the, the rail transit. these is that it does not make money. it's not, you know, carrying people is not a money making proposition. and as a result, the company has the country has or the country, the city, the state, whatever the entities are, they have to make a decision that says we need to support the city because it is going to the life of my city, all my life of my state and they got light of my, of my geographical region. thank you so much for all your time today. dr. allen's about sky. the mag live trays are absolutely the future of long distance communicating. these magnetic propulsion trans can go up to 310 miles per hour, which is twice as fast as a conventional commuter train. they're also less expensive to operate and to maintain because of the absence of rolling friction,

which means that the parts do not wear out quickly. but the greatest obstacle to the development of novelist systems is that they require entirely new infrastructure that cannot be integrated with existing railroads. they also require the use of where earth elements and construction which may be quite expensive to recover and refine. while there are 6 mag love trains and commercial operation around the world today, it is unlikely that the us will ever get one as america is the land of personal vehicles and the auto industry. i'm christy, i thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here next time on the cost of everything. the

more expensive and i'm here to plan with you. whatever you do, do not watch my new show seriously. why watch something that's so different opinions that he won't get anywhere else. welcome to planes or do they have the state department c i a weapons, bankers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations. choose your fax for you. go ahead. i changed and whatever you do, don't marshall state main street because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called stretching time, but again, you probably don't wanna watch it because it might just change the waiting. thank the i'm not sure come on this as they will show a good this things for me. it was getting that with me is the non smoker in your mind restored enough to monday. so stuff with interested in show erica, by a demo print that issue and you're still, or do i have to wait a moment, but that's not, i was me for example, of course the trailer span that we can partner. so i just really want. right. mm hm

. yeah, for the most just what i want to move over here now is particularly the group didn't come around quite inflate and move on this crazy. nice. not crazy. this is it. absolutely. i'd rather proof of an issue with the much just isn't good news that this is the key. we will send you the wrong. i'm not ready to feel understood where so where i'll send you when you are still at the trip with us with the light speed. so you're still going yes. sort of

the scenes right there with the police end up arresting over a 100 pro palestinian demonstrate is u. c l a in california. that's as the us house of representatives of proves an anti semitism a when it's available, basically making it more difficult for those protesters to do what they're doing. this is not an issue of antisemitism. this is an, this is an attempt by the us government to completely to, to confuse the public. and so make it seem that anyone who criticizes is real is anti semitic. also a few is, is new daily of carrying out a political assassination on its soil. but india fires, but with strong words saying candidates become a.